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Behind High Energy Consumption of Blockchain: PoS Consensus Mechanism To Be A Solution

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4 years ago

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The energy consumption of Blockchain

Recently, Elon Musk, the founder of Tesla, posted on Twitter saying that: Bitcoin can consume too much in mining and transaction process, such excessive fossil fuel consumption will result in negative impacts on the ecosystem. The Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin also noticed the high power consumption problem in Blockchain technology. He presented that Ethereum would change its consensus mechanism from PoW to PoS to reduce the power consumption caused by the mining process in PoW-based technologies like the Bitcoin. From a global view, energy consumption issues are concerned by an increasing number of countries. To urge the efficient power usage, many countries and organizations have set up environmental protection plans, such as the UN’s SDG (Sustainable Development Goals) and the US carbon neutrality, etc.

In this context, the future development of a technology need to consider the sustainable development and environmental friendliness as one of the important metrics and goals. As an emerging technology for privacy protection, Blockchain presents excellent protection capabilities. However, such capabilities rely on the large-scale computing resources and result in a large amount of power consumption. Part of the reasons for such high power consumption are due to the PoW (Proof of Work) consensus mechanism which has high demands on the performance of the Blockchain nodes.

Besides energy consumption, other concerns of the consensus mechanism

The technology of the base layer of the Blockchain has the advantages like anonymous, Immutable, decentralized and so on. To achieve these advantages, Blockchain enhances the privacy and protect the transaction process by increasing the cost of network participation. The core concept of the early-stage PoW consensus mechanism is based on the workload cost.  The credibility need to be proved by the cost of a lot of work. In this case, the machines that maintain the ledgers (also referred to as mining nodes) need to continually crack complex math puzzles to obtain Bitcoin as rewards. This computing process not only needs to rely on a large amount of computing resources, but also sacrifices part of the scalability on the Blockchain to ensure safety. When it comes to the boosting growing of transaction volume, this mechanism will not be able to meet high-speed and large-scale processing demands. Based on such limitations of PoW, PoS (Proof of stake) is gaining more and more attention to work as a consensus mechanism with low resource consumption and guaranteed decentralization, safety and scalability.

In a PoS-based Blockchain system, nodes do not have to consume much power to compete for accounting rights. The priority of accounting rights is measured by the amount of stake holdings. In this way, the nodes no longer consume a large amount of electricity to calculate the hash functions, thereby solving the high energy consumption issues in PoW mechanism. In spite of the improved efficiency in PoS, the safety of the mechanism is affected. Therefore, in order to ensure the reliable operation of PoS, the researchers need to develop reliable algorithms from the trade-off among the decentralization, safety and scalability.

Unique advantages of PlatON PoS

With the issues caused by the PoW mechanism has been widely criticized, more and more Blockchain technologies inclined to choose or transit to the PoS-based consensus mechanisms. This results in a boosting growing of the PoS-based Blockchain frameworks in recent years. As the world leader in computing privacy area, PlatON has rooted and researched in privacy computing technologies many years. PlatON’s research and practice in consensus mechanisms are also forward-looking. The PPoS (PlatON PoS) consensus mechanism uses off-chain identity, credit mechanisms and procedural arrangements to provide a scheme to select a number of verification nodes from many participating nodes as fair and randomly as possible. Hence, PPoS can effectively inhibit bribery, collusion, etc., and reduce the consensus cost and improve the system scalability by optimizing technical details. Meanwhile, ensuring the decentralization and scalability, PlatON further enhances the system safety by combining the experiences in computing privacy area. The Alaya network based on PlatON PoS has been operating stably and efficiently for a long time, successfully solving the problem of over-centralization of the system, reducing network communication complexity and message complexity, improving consensus efficiency and the entire Blockchain transaction processing performance. In this case, the safety and liveness of the technology are verified. PlatON has been able to improve its PoS mechanism through its attention to every detail, continuous attempts, active exploration of cutting-edge areas, and forward-looking plans in the future development. Next step, PlatON will continue actively promoting the efficient network operation with high-quality code, providing efficient, high-availability, distributed and sustainable infrastructure applicable for diverse industrial and commercial use cases, and supporting the exchange of data flows in the global world.

References:

1.PlatON has launched the “Rally around the Galaxy” and launched a comprehensive simulation test, https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/UeIRWj2lKJ7b1umSqU8_yQ

2. [Long Article Explained] What is the Giskard Consensus Mechanism? | Technology Cloud Atlas, https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/4yHenrGH0E7zzLBuN58BJg

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Alex Jacob

Alex Jacob is a literature author. He was born in Chicago. Alex passion is writing news articles. He writes number of articles and published it.

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CMS (867/8A8): NDA of Innovative Drug Y-3 for Injection for Acute Ischemic Stroke Accepted in China

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6 hours ago

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December 11, 2025

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SHENZHEN, CHINA – China Medical System Holdings Limited (the “Group” or “CMS”) is pleased to announce that on 11 December 2025, the New Drug Application (NDA) of Class 1 Innovative Drug Y-3 for Injection (proposed English generic name: Loberamisal for Injection) (“Y-3 for Injection” or the “Product”) has been accepted by National Medical Products Administration of the People’s Republic of China (NMPA). The Product is a brain cytoprotectant indicated for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.

 

With well-defined targets and clear mechanism of action, Y-3 for Injection is able to exert multiple therapeutic effects. As the world’s first brain cytoprotectant developed based on the important targets PSD95-nNOS and MPO, in the pathological processes of stroke, Y-3 for Injection acts on multiple key pathological processes of the ischemic cascade in ischemic stroke. Through multi-target, highly selective synergy, it is more conducive to exerting brain cytoprotective effects. The Product has an excellent therapeutic effect on ischemic stroke and the potential to prevent post-stroke depression and anxiety symptoms.

 

Y-3 for Injection demonstrates excellent clinical data with excellent efficacy and a favorable safety profile. The results of Phase II clinical trial of the Product in China indicated that among patients with ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset, patients in the Y-3 group (40mg, qd) demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of patients achieving an excellent functional outcome (mRS of 0-1) at 90 days than those in the placebo group, with a rate difference of 16%. The Phase III clinical trial of the Product in China was conducted by Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University as the leading site. It has enrolled nearly 1,000 patients with acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset across approximately 40 research centers nationwide, aiming to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Y-3 for Injection in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset. The Phase III clinical study met the primary efficacy endpoint, with patients achieving significant clinical benefits and an overall favorable safety profile. The key study results are planned to be presented at international academic conferences, and the full study will be published in international academic journals.

 

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is one of the core advantageous fields of CMS, where a deeply integrated layout has been progressively established. The product portfolio has solidified the market foundation, including the marketed innovative drug VALTOCO (Diazepam Nasal Spray), the original brand drug Deanxit (Flupentixol and Melitracen Tablets), and the improved new drug ZUNVEYL (Benzgalantamine Gluconate Enteric-coated Tablets), which is currently under NDA review. The addition of Y-3 for Injection will further strengthen the product portfolio, generating highly efficient synergies in terms of expert networks and market resources. It is expected that if approved for marketing, Y-3 for Injection will bring a new generation of brain cytoprotectant with excellent efficacy and more comprehensive therapeutic effects to Chinese patients with ischemic stroke. Leveraging the successful commercialization experience and compliant and efficient operation system, the Group will accelerate the accessibility of innovative therapies to benefit more patients.

 

More Information about Y-3 for Injection

The pathological processes of acute ischemic stroke are highly complex and interconnected. There is an urgent clinical need for multi-target, multi-mechanism coordinated interventions to achieve more effective regulation of the complex ischemic cascade, thereby improving treatment outcomes and enhancing patients’ quality of life. Y-3 for Injection is able to uncouple PSD95-nNOS, inhibit MPO activity, and enhance the activity of α2-GABAA receptor (a subtype of GABAA receptor with antidepressant and anxiolytic effects). With this multi-target, highly selective synergistic mechanism, it is expected to achieve a technological breakthrough in the simultaneous intervention of “stroke treatment and prevention of post-stroke depression and anxiety”, making Y-3 for Injection a promising novel brain cytoprotectant with excellent efficacy and more comprehensive therapeutic effects.

 

The results of Phase II clinical trial of Y-3 for Injection for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke were presented as an oral poster at the 10th European Stroke Organisation Conference in 2024 (ESOC 2024). It indicated that among patients with ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset, patients in the Y-3 group (20mg, 40mg, 60mg, qd) demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of patients achieving an excellent functional outcome (mRS of 0-1) at 90 days than those in the placebo group (20mg: 67.8% vs 60.7%, 40mg: 76.7% vs 60.7%, 60mg: 70.0% vs 60.7%). Moreover, the Product showed comparable safety to placebo in acute ischemic stroke patients, exhibiting good tolerability.

 

On 24 August 2023, the Group through its wholly-owned subsidiary entered into a Collaboration Agreement (the “Agreement”) with Neurodawn Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (“NeuroDawn”), a clinical needs-oriented pharmaceutical company driven by innovation and R&D. In accordance with the Agreement, the Group obtains an exclusive promotion right in mainland China, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the Macau Special Administrative Region. The term of the Agreement is permanent.

 

About Stroke

According to the Guideline for Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease (2024 Edition) issued by the National Health Commission, approximately 3.94 million new stroke cases occur in China each year, accounting for one-third of the global new cases[1]. Among these, ischemic stroke accounts for about 72%, with over 2.8 million new cases annually; the number of existing stroke patients in China has exceeded 28 million[1]. Data from China’s cause-of-death monitoring in 2021 shows that stroke-related deaths accounted for 23% of the national total deaths[1]. Over the past three decades, the disease burden of stroke-related disabilities in China has continued to increase[1]. Coupled with factors such as the accelerating aging of the population, the pressure of stroke prevention and control will further intensify in the future, posing enormous challenges to patients’ families and society[1]. In addition, post-stroke depression and anxiety are common complications of stroke, with incidence rates of approximately 30% and 25% respectively[2]. They can hinder the recovery of patients’ neurological functions, even increase the risk of death, and severely affect patients’ prognosis. Y-3 for Injection holds significant potential value for the long-term neurological function improvement and overall prognosis of a vast number of stroke patients, indicating broad market prospects.

 

About CMS

CMS is a platform company linking pharmaceutical innovation and commercialization with strong product lifecycle management capability, dedicated to providing competitive products and services to meet unmet medical needs.

 

CMS focuses on the global first-in-class (FIC) and best-in-class (BIC) innovative products, and efficiently promotes the clinical research, development and commercialization of innovative products, enabling the continuous transformation of scientific research into clinical practices to benefit patients.

 

CMS deeply engages in several specialty therapeutic fields, and has developed proven commercialization capabilities, extensive networks and expert resources, resulting in leading academic and market positions for its major marketed products. CMS continues to promote the in-depth development in its advantageous specialty fields, strengthening the competitiveness of the cardio-cerebrovascular/ gastroenterology/ ophthalmology/ skin health businesses, bringing economies of scale in specialty fields. Among them, the skin health business (Dermavon) has become a leading enterprise in its field, and is proposed to be listed independently on the SEHK. Meanwhile, CMS continuously promotes the operation and development of its integrated R&D, manufacturing and commercialization chain in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, capturing growth opportunities in emerging markets to support the high-quality and sustainable development of the Group.

 

Reference

  1. National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Guideline for Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease (2024 Edition) [J]. Chinese Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2025, 16(1): 1-8. DOI: 10.12015/issn.1674-8034.2025.01.001.
  2. Chen Xinyu, Lyu Xiaohan, Li Ruina, et al. Post-Stroke Anxiety [J]. International Journal of Cerebrovascular Disease, 2022, 30(2): 129-133. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2022.02.010.

 

CMS Disclaimer and Forward-Looking Statements

This press release is not intended to promote any products to you and is not for advertising purposes. This press release does not recommend any drugs, medical devices and/or indications. If you want to know more about the diagnosis and treatment of specific diseases, please follow the opinions or guidance of your doctor or other medical and health professionals. Any treatment-related decisions made by healthcare professionals should be based on the patient’s specific circumstances and in accordance with the drug package insert.

 

This press release which has been prepared by CMS does not constitute any offer or invitation to purchase or subscribe for any securities, and shall not form the basis for or be relied on in connection with any contract or binding commitment whatsoever. This press release has been prepared by CMS based on information and data which it considers reliable, but CMS makes no representation or warranty, express or implied, whatsoever, and no reliance shall be placed on, the truth, accuracy, completeness, fairness and reasonableness of the contents of this press release. Certain matters discussed in this press release may contain statements regarding the Group’s market opportunity and business prospects that are individually and collectively forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Any forward-looking statements and projections made by third parties included in this press release are not adopted by the Group and the Company is not responsible for such third-party statements and projections.

 

 

Media Contact

Brand: China Medical System Holdings Ltd.

Contact: CMS Investor Relations

Email: ir@cms.net.cn

Website: https://web.cms.net.cn/en/home/

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Press Release

Kevin Wall of Worcester Encourages Greater Civic Engagement Around Civil Liberties

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8 hours ago

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December 11, 2025

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Worcester, Massachusetts, 11 Dec 2025, ZEX PR WIRE, As debates over privacy, free speech, and policing continue to unfold nationwide, local residents like Kevin Wall of Worcester are encouraging more community awareness around civil liberties and individual rights.

Wall, who has lived in Worcester for over a decade, says many people care about these issues but don’t always know where to start. “Most people I talk to want things to be fair and transparent,” Kevin Wall said. “They’re concerned about surveillance, about how schools handle discipline, about what kind of data companies and the government collect. But they don’t always feel equipped to speak up.”

Though not affiliated with any organization, Wall often shares resources from civil rights groups like the ACLU, especially those related to Massachusetts policies and digital rights. He follows court decisions and legislative changes and encourages others to do the same. “You don’t have to be an expert. Just being informed helps you spot when something isn’t right.”

In Massachusetts, recent civil liberties conversations have included facial recognition technology bans, school-based surveillance tools, bail reform, and expanded voting access. Organizations like the ACLU of Massachusetts have weighed in on many of these issues, publishing legal analysis and policy recommendations.

Worcester itself has seen growing interest in these topics. In recent years, the city has hosted forums on data privacy, transparency in school policies, and police oversight. Wall sees this as a sign of a more engaged public. “It’s not about being political,” he said. “It’s about understanding how systems work and making sure people are treated fairly.”

He says the rise of AI and digital tracking tools has made the public role more important than ever. “The tools are changing fast. You need people who are paying attention and asking questions.”

Wall is particularly focused on issues that affect everyday life: student discipline policies, use of technology in public spaces, and due process protections in local courts. “You can’t protect your rights if you don’t know what they are,” he said. “Groups like the ACLU do a good job breaking it down.”

For Worcester residents looking to get more involved, Wall recommends starting small. “Read a case summary. Sign up for an email list. Go to a local meeting. Even asking questions at a school board or city council meeting makes a difference.”

While he doesn’t speak publicly or run a group, Wall believes that quiet civic engagement still matters. “There are lots of ways to contribute without being front and center.”

He hopes more residents in Worcester will take interest in how rights are shaped and protected at the local level. “We all benefit when more people pay attention. Whether it’s about speech, privacy, education, or equal treatment, these issues affect all of us.”

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Kevin Wall Worcester: Local Voices Add Perspective as Civil Liberties Take Center Stage

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8 hours ago

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December 11, 2025

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Worcester, Massachusetts, 11 Dec 2025, ZEX PR WIRE, From school board meetings to courtroom challenges, the conversation around civil liberties in America is evolving. In cities like Worcester, residents such as Kevin Wall are quietly helping keep those conversations alive.

Wall isn’t a politician or spokesperson. He’s a longtime Worcester resident who takes an active interest in civil rights and regularly shares articles and legal updates with friends and neighbors. He says staying informed is part of being a responsible member of the community. “It’s not about having all the answers,” he said. “It’s about knowing enough to ask the right questions.”

Across the country, major civil liberties issues are in the spotlight—digital surveillance, student speech, reproductive rights, and access to public records among them. The ACLU and other legal groups continue to play a key role in shaping public understanding and defending constitutional protections.

Wall keeps tabs on this work, particularly from the ACLU of Massachusetts. “They’re one of the groups that actually explains things in plain language,” he said. “I follow their email briefings and court updates.”

In Worcester, topics like facial recognition, police transparency, and equity in school discipline have generated local interest. Wall believes these conversations are healthier when more people feel empowered to participate. “When you understand your rights, you’re more likely to speak up,” he said. “And when regular people speak up, public systems tend to work better.”

Although Wall doesn’t attend public events or speak on panels, his role is more grassroots. He brings up civil liberties topics in everyday conversation and encourages others to learn more. “People are surprised by how much these things touch their lives—how a policy might affect their kid at school or the way local police handle data.”

He’s especially concerned about how fast technology is changing the landscape. “AI tools, data collection, automated decisions—these are things that need public oversight,” Wall said. “You don’t need to be paranoid, but you should know what’s happening.”

Wall represents a growing number of residents who take an interest in public life without making it their job. “Not everyone wants to go to rallies or run for office,” he said. “But that doesn’t mean they don’t care. Being informed is a kind of participation.”

The ACLU continues to advocate for strong protections around voting access, LGBTQ+ rights, free expression, and immigration policy—many of which have direct implications for Worcester residents. Wall believes that raising awareness is a shared responsibility. “Organizations can only do so much. People need to take that extra step—read more, talk more, think more critically.”

As legal and political battles continue across the country, local voices like Kevin Wall’s reflect a broader truth: civil liberties aren’t just an issue for lawyers and lawmakers. They belong to everyone. And in Worcester, more residents are starting to take notice.

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